Reimagining Therapy Through a Trans-Inclusive Feminist Lens: Practices for Empowerment and Liberation

Introduction

As trans women working as psychotherapists and art therapists, we are dedicated to creating spaces that nurture the mental health and well-being of our Two Spirit, trans, nonbinary, and gender-expansive clients. Our work is grounded in the understanding that therapy is not just a personal journey but a deeply political act that intersects with broader social justice movements. We recognize the need for a therapeutic framework that not only acknowledges but celebrates the diversity of gender experiences. This commitment forms the core of our practice as trans-inclusive feminists.

Trans-inclusive feminism is more than just a theoretical stance; it is a lived reality that shapes how we engage with our clients and communities. For therapists, taking a clear stand as trans-inclusive feminists is vital. It establishes a foundation of trust and transparency, letting our clients know that we are not neutral in the face of their oppression. Instead, we are allies and advocates, committed to challenging the societal norms and structures that marginalize trans people. Knowing where we stand allows clients to enter the therapeutic space without fear of encountering the same exclusion or invalidation they may have faced in other contexts.

We also understand that feminism is not a monolith. There are diverse perspectives within feminist thought, some of which have historically excluded or marginalized trans people. While acknowledging this diversity, we firmly commit to a trans-affirming stance. We reject frameworks that seek to gatekeep womanhood or reinforce binary gender norms. Instead, we advocate for a feminist praxis that is intersectional, inclusive, and deeply committed to the liberation of all marginalized genders.

This blog post aims to outline a robust framework for trans-inclusive therapeutic practice. It will explore the core principles of trans-inclusive feminism, its implications for therapy, and the practical ways therapists can incorporate these principles into their work. Through this exploration, we hope to contribute to the ongoing conversation on how therapy can be a transformative space for healing, empowerment, and social change for our trans and queer communities.

Understanding Trans-Inclusive Feminism in Therapy

Trans-inclusive feminism is an evolving feminist perspective that explicitly supports and centres the experiences and rights of transgender and nonbinary people. Rooted in the broader tradition of intersectional feminism, trans-inclusive feminism recognizes that trans people’s struggles against gender oppression are intrinsically linked to the fight against sexism, homophobia, racism, ableism, and other forms of systemic discrimination (Serano, 2013). It challenges the exclusionary practices and ideologies that have historically marginalized trans women and nonbinary individuals within feminist spaces, advocating instead for a more inclusive, solidarity-driven approach to gender justice.

Historically, feminist movements have not always been inclusive of trans experiences. Early waves of feminism were often shaped by cisnormative understandings of gender that failed to account for the diversity of women’s experiences, including those of trans women. More exclusionary forms of feminism, sometimes referred to as “gender-critical” feminism, continue to argue that trans women are not “real women” and promote policies and practices that exclude trans women from women’s spaces (Jeffreys, 2005). These views have been critiqued by trans-inclusive feminists for perpetuating harm and reinforcing binary gender norms that are detrimental to all women, cis and trans alike (Serano, 2007).

Trans-inclusive feminism differs significantly from gender-critical feminism by centering the voices and experiences of trans people, especially trans women, in feminist discourse and practice. It acknowledges that gender is a complex and multifaceted experience, shaped by both internal self-identification and external social recognition. Trans-inclusive feminism advocates for the dismantling of gender binaries and the systemic oppression they uphold, recognizing that true gender liberation cannot be achieved while trans people continue to face discrimination and violence (Namaste, 2000; Serano, 2013).

Central to trans-inclusive feminism is the principle of intersectionality, a term coined by Kimberlé Crenshaw (1989) to describe how various forms of oppression, such as racism, sexism, and transphobia, intersect and compound each other. In therapeutic practice, this means understanding that a trans client’s experience is never just about their gender; it is also shaped by their race, class, sexuality, ability, and other intersecting identities. By incorporating an intersectional lens, therapists can more effectively recognize and address the multiple layers of oppression their clients face, creating a more holistic and affirming therapeutic experience (Serano, 2013).

For us as therapists, adopting a trans-inclusive feminist framework is about more than theory—it’s about action. It requires us to challenge our own biases, continually educate ourselves, and advocate for systemic change within and beyond our professional settings. It also means being intentional about creating therapeutic spaces that not only welcome trans and nonbinary people but actively work to affirm and empower them. This is the heart of our commitment to trans-inclusive feminism: creating spaces where all genders can heal, thrive, and be celebrated for who they are.

The Role of Feminist Theory in Therapeutic Practice

Feminist theory offers a critical framework for understanding and challenging the societal norms that shape our experiences of gender, power, and identity. In therapeutic practice, it is particularly effective for critiquing binary gender norms and exploring their profound impact on mental health. Binary gender norms—the rigid classification of individuals as either male or female—are deeply ingrained in our social structures. They impose restrictive roles and expectations that often marginalize those who do not conform to these norms, including trans and nonbinary individuals. For many clients, these norms contribute to experiences of dysphoria, discrimination, and internalized transphobia, which can manifest in anxiety, depression, and other mental health challenges (Serano, 2007).

Applying feminist principles such as bodily autonomy and resistance to patriarchal structures can profoundly support trans clients. Bodily autonomy is a foundational feminist value that asserts an individual’s right to control their own body without coercion or external regulation. In a therapeutic context, this principle translates into affirming a client’s self-determination regarding their gender identity, expression, and medical choices. Resisting patriarchal structures involves actively questioning and dismantling the power dynamics that enforce cisnormativity and uphold the marginalization of trans bodies and identities. This resistance is crucial in therapy, where trans clients often need support in navigating systems that pathologize or invalidate their experiences (Namaste, 2000).

Trans feminist theory builds on these foundational feminist concepts by specifically addressing the unique experiences of trans individuals and challenging cisnormativity—the assumption that being cisgender is the normative standard. A trans feminist therapeutic approach explicitly validates trans identities and resists practices that reinforce binary or cis-centric understandings of gender. For therapists, this means moving beyond traditional therapeutic models that may unintentionally uphold cisnormative assumptions and instead embracing a more expansive view of gender that recognizes and affirms the full diversity of trans and nonbinary experiences. This approach not only promotes inclusivity but also creates a therapeutic environment where clients feel seen, respected, and empowered to express their authentic selves (Serano, 2013).

Navigating Gender Normativity and Hegemonic Masculinity in Therapeutic Spaces

Gender norms and hegemonic masculinity significantly shape the experiences of trans men, trans women, nonbinary individuals, and gender expansive individuals, impacting their mental health and well-being in various spaces, including therapeutic settings. Hegemonic masculinity, a concept rooted in feminist theory, refers to the cultural ideal of masculinity that promotes male dominance and devalues femininity (Connell, 2005). This construct not only affects cisgender individuals but also imposes rigid expectations on trans folks. For trans men, hegemonic masculinity can create pressure to conform to traditional masculine norms, which may conflict with their authentic expressions of self. Similarly, trans women often face heightened scrutiny and violence for embodying femininity in ways that challenge societal norms (Serano, 2007).

The psychological impacts of these norms are profound. For many trans clients, navigating a world that rigidly enforces gender conformity can lead to experiences of shame, fear, and isolation. This is especially true in therapeutic spaces that have not been intentionally designed to affirm diverse gender identities. Trans clients may fear judgment or misunderstanding from therapists who lack awareness or perpetuate cisnormative biases. Consequently, it is essential for therapists to actively create safer, affirming spaces that challenge these harmful norms. This involves using inclusive language, demonstrating cultural humility, and continuously educating oneself about the complex dynamics of gender and power (Namaste, 2000).

Therapists can help clients navigate and resist the pressures of gender normativity and hegemonic masculinity by employing several strategies. First, they can encourage clients to explore and affirm their gender identities outside of societal expectations, using narrative therapy techniques to rewrite their stories in ways that honour their experiences. Second, therapists can facilitate discussions that deconstruct gender stereotypes and empower clients to challenge internalized oppression. Third, therapists can promote resilience by fostering connections to supportive communities that celebrate gender diversity and provide a sense of belonging. By doing so, therapists not only support individual healing but also contribute to a broader cultural shift towards gender justice (Connell, 2005; Serano, 2013).

Resilience and Survival Narratives in Trans Feminist Practice

Resilience is a powerful concept within trans feminist practice, particularly when viewed as an act of resistance against the ongoing adversities that trans individuals face. Resilience, in this context, is not merely about enduring hardships but about actively confronting and defying the systems of transmisogyny and systemic oppression that seek to undermine trans existence. As described in texts like Resilience and other feminist works, resilience for trans people often involves navigating multiple layers of marginalization, from structural violence and discrimination to daily microaggressions and interpersonal harm (Serano, 2013).

In therapeutic practice, it is essential to recognize the strength and resilience inherent in the trans community. Highlighting resilience does not mean romanticizing suffering but rather acknowledging the incredible ways that trans individuals and communities continue to survive, thrive, and resist. Storytelling and the sharing of lived experiences are vital therapeutic tools that help to build this recognition. By creating space for clients to share their stories, therapists can help them reclaim their narratives from a society that often seeks to silence or distort them. These shared experiences can be a source of healing, solidarity, and empowerment, fostering a sense of connection and community (Namaste, 2000).

Furthermore, resilience is not a static trait but an ongoing, dynamic process—a daily act of survival and defiance against transmisogyny. It is cultivated through community support, mutual aid, and collective resistance. Therapists can support their clients in building resilience by facilitating access to community resources, affirming the validity of their experiences, and helping them develop coping strategies that honour their unique strengths and identities. This approach underscores the importance of a trans-affirming and anti-oppressive framework that recognizes the resilience of trans individuals not as an expectation, but as a celebration of their courage and humanity (Serano, 2007; 2013).

Challenging Sexualization and Reclaiming Sexual Autonomy

Sexualization is a pervasive issue that disproportionately affects marginalized genders, including trans people. Julia Serano (2013), in her work Sexed Up: The Politics of Sexualization, provides a nuanced exploration of how trans bodies are often hypersexualized or desexualized within societal frameworks that uphold cisnormative and heteronormative standards. The sexualization of trans identities frequently results in objectification, fetishization, or pathologization, contributing to harmful stereotypes and undermining the humanity of trans people. For instance, trans women are often depicted in the media as hypersexualized figures or are fetishized within certain sexual subcultures, which reduces their identities to mere sexual objects rather than recognizing them as whole, complex individuals. This pervasive sexualization has profound impacts on mental health, reinforcing shame, stigma, and internalized transphobia.

Reclaiming sexual autonomy is a critical act of resistance against these reductive narratives. For trans people, reclaiming sexual autonomy involves rejecting the notions that frame their identities as deviant or pathological and instead asserting their right to define their own bodies, desires, and sexual expressions. A significant part of this reclamation involves challenging the narratives that reduce trans identities to fetish or spectacle, which is often perpetuated in both mainstream and alternative cultures (Serano, 2013). In therapy, supporting clients in reclaiming sexual autonomy can involve helping them deconstruct internalized shame and affirming their right to self-define their sexuality on their own terms.

A sex-positive approach is essential in this context. Being sex-positive means embracing a stance that respects bodily autonomy, personal agency, and the diversity of sexual experiences and expressions. For trans clients, this involves recognizing the legitimacy of their desires and identities, irrespective of how these may deviate from normative expectations. Therapists can foster a sex-positive environment by being mindful of the language they use, ensuring it does not reinforce shame or marginalization, and by offering a non-judgmental space where clients feel empowered to explore their sexuality safely and authentically. By doing so, we help dismantle the stigma surrounding trans sexuality and affirm the right of all individuals to express their sexualities without fear of retribution or invalidation (Serano, 2013).

Centring Black Trans Feminism in Therapeutic Practices

Black Trans Feminism offers critical insights into the unique challenges faced by Black trans individuals, who navigate the intersecting oppressions of racism, transphobia, and misogyny. Black trans people face compounded forms of discrimination that impact their mental health and well-being in distinct ways. As noted in Black Trans Feminism, the experiences of Black trans individuals cannot be separated from the broader context of systemic racism and the historical marginalization of Black bodies in both feminist and LGBTQ+ spaces. Therefore, centring Black Trans Feminism in therapeutic practices is essential to address these complex and layered realities (Johnson, 2020).

The intersection of racism and transphobia has significant implications for therapy. Black trans clients often encounter unique forms of discrimination, such as racial profiling, economic marginalization, and violence that are amplified by their gender identity. These intersecting oppressions create a heightened sense of vulnerability and mistrust, which may affect their engagement with therapeutic services. Therapists must understand that, for Black trans clients, the therapeutic space is not just about navigating gender identity but also about confronting the pervasive impacts of white supremacy and anti-Black racism (Johnson, 2020). A lack of recognition of these intersecting identities can lead to retraumatization and further alienation in therapeutic settings.

Black Trans Feminist frameworks inform culturally sensitive and affirming therapeutic practices by emphasizing the need for intersectionality, radical empathy, and community-centred approaches. Therapists are encouraged to develop an awareness of their own positionalities and the ways in which their privileges may influence their therapeutic practices. This involves actively listening to the needs of Black trans clients, validating their experiences, and incorporating culturally relevant interventions that honour their lived realities. For instance, utilizing group therapy models that bring together Black trans clients can foster a sense of solidarity and community healing, which is particularly powerful in challenging both internalized and systemic oppression. By centring Black Trans Feminism, therapists can create more inclusive and supportive environments that promote healing, resilience, and empowerment for Black trans individuals (Johnson, 2020).

Dismantling Cissexual Privilege and Recognizing Double Standards

Dismantling cissexual privilege is a critical component of creating equitable and affirming therapeutic spaces. As articulated in Julia Serano’s Whipping Girl (2007), cissexual privilege refers to the unearned advantages that cisgender people have over trans people simply by virtue of their gender identities aligning with the sex they were assigned at birth. This privilege manifests in various ways, from societal recognition and validation to systemic access and safety. In therapeutic contexts, cissexual privilege can appear in the form of assumptions about gender, the use of pathologizing language, or the centring of cisnormative experiences as the default. To dismantle this privilege, therapists must critically examine the ways in which their practices may reinforce cisnormativity and actively work to create more inclusive spaces for trans and gender-nonconforming clients.

Addressing double standards and gender entitlement that impact trans women and gender-nonconforming people is essential in this work. Double standards often emerge when cisgender individuals are allowed to express their gender freely without scrutiny, while trans people are scrutinized, pathologized, or fetishized for similar expressions. Serano (2007) discusses how this entitlement allows cis people to impose their beliefs about gender onto others, reinforcing hierarchical structures that marginalize trans identities. Within therapy, it is crucial for practitioners to recognize these double standards and to challenge them by affirming the diverse expressions of gender that clients may bring into the therapeutic space. This involves not only advocating for equitable treatment but also educating clients and communities about the harms of cissexual entitlement.

To effectively dismantle cissexual privilege and challenge double standards, therapists need to engage in continuous self-reflection and education. This means recognizing their own biases and privileges, understanding how these may impact their therapeutic work, and committing to learning from the lived experiences of trans people. Therapists can adopt strategies such as using inclusive and affirming language, challenging cisnormative assumptions when they arise, and advocating for policy changes within their organizations to ensure more equitable access to care for trans clients. Additionally, creating opportunities for clients to explore and critique societal norms around gender can empower them to reclaim their narratives and resist the oppressive structures that impact their lives (Serano, 2007).

Deconstructing Medical and Pathologizing Narratives in Therapy

The medical and psychological frameworks historically used to understand and “treat” transgender identities have often been rooted in pathologization. In Whipping Girl, Julia Serano (2007) critiques these pathologizing frameworks, which portray trans identities as disorders to be corrected rather than natural variations of human experience. These models have fostered environments where trans people are compelled to justify their identities and bodies to medical and psychological gatekeepers. Such gatekeeping practices—where trans individuals must undergo psychological evaluation, provide extensive evidence of gender dysphoria, or conform to binary gender expectations to access medical care—perpetuate the notion that trans identities are inherently disordered and illegitimate (Serano, 2007).

The impact of medical gatekeeping and pathologization on trans clients’ mental health and agency is profound. The requirement to conform to specific narratives about one’s gender identity in order to access care can lead to feelings of invalidation, frustration, and powerlessness. This process can further exacerbate mental health struggles such as anxiety, depression, and trauma, particularly when clients are made to feel that their identities must be scrutinized or “proven” to be valid. Moreover, the pathologizing narrative reduces trans identities to medical conditions that need to be treated, rather than affirming them as legitimate expressions of self (Serano, 2007). This perspective undermines the autonomy and agency of trans people to make informed decisions about their own bodies and lives.

To counteract pathologizing language and practices, therapists must advocate for models of care based on informed consent and self-determination. This means supporting clients’ rights to access gender-affirming care without unnecessary barriers or gatekeeping. Therapists can challenge pathologizing narratives by validating clients’ experiences and identities without questioning their authenticity or imposing arbitrary requirements. Additionally, therapists should use affirming language that respects clients’ self-descriptions and avoids medicalizing terms that can reinforce stigmatization. Training in gender-affirming care, advocating for policy changes within healthcare systems, and collaborating with trans-led organizations to support client autonomy are all strategies that can promote more respectful and empowering therapeutic practices (Serano, 2007).

Engaging with Gender Fluidity and Nonbinary Experiences

Nonbinary and gender-expansive experiences encompass a wide spectrum of identities, including genderfluid, agender, bigender, and more. These experiences often get overshadowed in binary-focused feminist and therapeutic discourses that prioritize narratives of trans men and trans women, inadvertently reinforcing binary thinking. Recognizing the diversity within nonbinary experiences is crucial for inclusive feminist practice. Nonbinary people may navigate complex social landscapes where they are often misgendered, misunderstood, or erased due to their identities not fitting neatly into binary categories (Serano, 2013). Therapists must be aware of these dynamics to create a space where nonbinary clients feel seen and affirmed.

Nonbinary clients face unique therapeutic needs and challenges. They may struggle with issues related to visibility, such as constantly having to educate others about their identities or manage the microaggressions and invalidations they encounter daily. These experiences can lead to feelings of invisibility, anxiety, and even depression. Nonbinary clients may also face difficulties in accessing appropriate gender-affirming care that respects their nonbinary identities, as much of the medical and social support available is geared toward binary transitions. Addressing these unique challenges involves actively listening to nonbinary clients, validating their experiences, and advocating for inclusive practices that honour the full spectrum of gender identities (Namaste, 2000).

To develop strategies that honour the fluidity of gender, therapists must avoid reinforcing binary thinking in their practice. This involves moving away from rigid frameworks that limit gender to “male” and “female” and instead embracing a more expansive understanding that allows for fluidity and self-expression. Therapists can use open-ended questions that invite clients to define their own experiences without pressure to conform to pre-existing categories. Incorporating nonbinary and gender-expansive language into intake forms, discussions, and educational materials can also signal inclusivity. Engaging in continuous education and self-reflection on gender diversity, consulting with nonbinary peers, and collaborating with nonbinary-led organizations can further enhance the therapist’s capacity to support nonbinary clients authentically and effectively (Serano, 2013).

The Intersection of Disability Justice and Trans Affirmation

The principles of disability justice, which centre on intersectionality, interdependence, and collective access, are crucial for developing trans-affirming therapeutic practices that are inclusive of disabled clients. Many trans people are also disabled, and their experiences are shaped by the intersection of ableism and transphobia. Trans disabled perspectives highlight how these two forms of oppression interact to create unique barriers to care, community, and societal participation. For instance, trans disabled individuals may face increased medical scrutiny, lack of access to inclusive healthcare, and compounded stigma that comes from both their gender identity and disability status (Mingus, 2011). These barriers necessitate a more nuanced approach to therapy that recognizes and addresses these overlapping forms of marginalization.

Understanding how ableism and transphobia interact is essential for therapists who wish to provide holistic and affirming care. Ableism can manifest in the dismissal of disabled trans clients’ needs or in assumptions that their gender identity is a result of their disability, particularly in cases involving neurodivergent or intellectually disabled individuals. These assumptions can lead to gatekeeping and the denial of access to gender-affirming care. Furthermore, the lack of accessible therapeutic spaces, materials, and practices can further alienate trans disabled clients. Therapists must be mindful of these dynamics and work to challenge them by affirming the validity of trans identities across all abilities and recognizing the expertise that disabled trans people bring to discussions about their own care (Mingus, 2011).

Incorporating accessibility, accommodations, and anti-ableist practices into trans-affirming therapy involves several practical steps. Therapists should ensure that their practice is physically accessible and that they offer a range of communication options, such as video, text, and alternative formats for those with different needs. Developing an understanding of disability justice principles can help therapists approach their work with a mindset of flexibility and adaptability, recognizing that each client may require different accommodations to fully engage in therapy. By affirming interdependence rather than independence, therapists can create spaces where clients feel supported to bring their whole selves, including their disabilities, into the therapeutic process. This comprehensive approach is essential for fostering genuine inclusion and respect in therapy (Mingus, 2011).

Analyzing the Role of Power Dynamics in Therapeutic Relationships

The therapeutic relationship is inherently shaped by power dynamics, which can significantly impact the therapeutic process and outcomes. Drawing from feminist critiques on power, it is essential to examine how authority, control, and autonomy operate within the therapeutic space, especially concerning the relationship between therapist and client. In traditional therapeutic models, the therapist often holds significant power over the client, which can mirror societal hierarchies and oppression. This dynamic may inadvertently reinforce the same structures of control that marginalize trans and nonbinary individuals in the broader world. Feminist theory, therefore, advocates for a more collaborative and egalitarian approach that actively works to dismantle these power imbalances (Brown, 1994).

Reflecting on how power imbalances in therapy can mirror societal oppression, therapists must adopt strategies to cultivate a more collaborative and empowering therapeutic process. This involves recognizing the ways in which the therapist’s positionality, privilege, and authority can affect the client’s experience and perception of safety and trust. For trans and nonbinary clients, who may have experienced systemic invalidation and disempowerment, it is crucial for therapists to consciously navigate their power and create a space that feels genuinely affirming and equitable. Strategies such as shared decision-making, collaborative goal setting, and actively seeking feedback from clients can help shift the power dynamics in therapy towards a more balanced, client-centred approach (Brown, 1994).

Addressing transference, countertransference, and the use of therapist self-disclosure are also vital components of fostering authenticity and trust within the therapeutic relationship. Transference involves the client projecting feelings or expectations onto the therapist, while countertransference refers to the therapist’s emotional responses to the client. In working with trans clients, these dynamics may be influenced by the client’s past experiences with authority figures, trauma, or marginalization. Being aware of these dynamics and reflecting on how they play out in therapy can help therapists better support their clients. Additionally, the intentional use of therapist self-disclosure—sharing personal experiences or identities when appropriate—can humanize the therapist, reduce power differentials, and build trust. However, it is crucial that such disclosures are made thoughtfully, ensuring they serve the client’s therapeutic needs rather than the therapist’s (Brown, 1994; Serano, 2013).

Addressing Intergenerational Trauma and Community Healing

Intergenerational trauma, the transmission of trauma across generations, uniquely affects trans and nonbinary clients, particularly those from marginalized racial and cultural backgrounds. Intergenerational trauma can stem from a range of sources, such as colonialism, systemic racism, anti-LGBTQ+ violence, and other forms of historical and ongoing oppression. For trans and nonbinary individuals, these traumas may be compounded by the additional layers of marginalization and discrimination they face in their daily lives. This trauma can manifest in various ways, such as anxiety, depression, and a deep-seated sense of disconnection or distrust, impacting both mental and physical well-being (Gone, 2013).

Utilizing collective healing practices and community-based approaches can be crucial in addressing the unique challenges posed by intergenerational trauma. Traditional individual therapy often falls short when it comes to the communal and systemic dimensions of trauma that affect entire communities. Collective healing practices—such as group therapy, community workshops, and cultural rituals—provide a space for shared experiences, mutual support, and communal resilience. These approaches recognize that healing is not only an individual process but also a collective one that involves restoring the bonds and relationships that have been fractured by systemic oppression. For trans and nonbinary clients, especially those from marginalized communities, these collective healing practices can offer a powerful antidote to isolation and alienation, fostering a sense of belonging and empowerment (Gone, 2013; hooks, 2000).

Emphasizing the importance of culturally responsive and decolonizing approaches in therapeutic practice is essential to addressing deep-rooted systemic trauma. Culturally responsive therapy involves understanding and integrating the client’s cultural context, values, and history into the therapeutic process. A decolonizing approach goes a step further by actively challenging and dismantling the colonial frameworks and practices that continue to harm marginalized communities. This means questioning Eurocentric models of therapy, incorporating Indigenous and culturally specific healing practices, and recognizing the wisdom and resilience within these communities. Therapists must continually educate themselves on the historical and cultural contexts of their clients, engage in reflective practice, and collaborate with community members to co-create therapeutic approaches that honour and affirm the client’s cultural identity and lived experience (Gone, 2013; hooks, 2000).

Reimagining Feminist Solidarity Beyond Exclusionary Politics

The history of feminist politics is fraught with exclusionary practices that have marginalized trans women and nonbinary individuals. Mainstream feminist movements have often centred cisgender women’s experiences, neglecting or actively rejecting the needs and voices of trans women and gender-expansive people. Exclusionary feminist frameworks, such as trans-exclusionary radical feminism (TERF), have further entrenched this marginalization by advocating for a binary understanding of gender and challenging the legitimacy of trans identities (Serano, 2007). These exclusionary politics have perpetuated harm and created divisions within feminist and LGBTQ+ movements, hindering collective efforts for gender justice.

To move beyond these exclusionary practices, we must propose models of feminist solidarity that centre the most marginalized, such as those offered by Black Trans Feminism. Black Trans Feminism offers a framework that recognizes the interconnectedness of all forms of oppression and seeks to build coalitions that prioritize the needs and voices of the most marginalized communities. By centring Black trans women and gender-expansive people in feminist praxis, we shift away from a feminism that seeks to gatekeep womanhood and move towards one that embraces diversity, intersectionality, and radical inclusion. This approach informs more inclusive and justice-oriented therapeutic practices that not only affirm individual identities but also challenge systemic inequalities that affect all marginalized people (Johnson, 2020).

Engaging with transformative justice and abolitionist frameworks within feminist and therapeutic settings provides further pathways for reimagining feminist solidarity. Transformative justice is a practice that seeks to address harm and violence without relying on punitive or carceral systems. It focuses on healing, accountability, and community-led responses to conflict and violence. Within therapy, transformative justice principles can be applied to create restorative spaces where clients can heal from harm without the threat of further marginalization or oppression. Therapists can adopt abolitionist perspectives by critiquing carceral logic and supporting their clients in envisioning alternatives to punitive justice that prioritize healing, growth, and community solidarity (Dixon, 2012). By reimagining feminist solidarity beyond exclusionary politics, therapists can contribute to building a more just, inclusive, and compassionate world for all.

Incorporating Critical Perspectives on Gender, Sexuality, and Desire

Societal constructions of desire, sexuality, and gender are deeply intertwined and heavily influenced by power dynamics, cultural norms, and historical contexts. In Sexed Up, Julia Serano (2013) critiques how these constructions often marginalize trans bodies and identities, either by desexualizing them or fetishizing them in ways that strip them of their humanity and agency. In therapeutic settings, it is essential to examine how these intersecting constructs shape clients’ experiences and influence their mental health and well-being. For trans clients, navigating societal expectations around desire and gender can be fraught with contradictions and pressures, leading to internalized shame, confusion, or alienation. Therapists must be equipped to critically examine these issues with clients, exploring how internalized societal norms may affect their experiences of sexuality and relationships.

Recognizing the diversity of trans experiences with sexuality, relationships, and intimacy is crucial in challenging normative assumptions that are often rooted in cisnormativity and heteronormativity. Trans clients may have varied and unique experiences that defy traditional sexual scripts, whether they are exploring their sexuality post-transition, engaging in non-normative relationships, or navigating intimacy in ways that do not align with mainstream expectations. For instance, some trans individuals might find empowerment in kink or polyamorous relationships, while others may struggle with intimacy due to past trauma or societal stigma. As therapists, it is vital to affirm these diverse experiences without imposing normative frameworks that do not serve the client’s authentic self-expression. Therapy must be a space where clients feel safe to explore and validate their identities and desires (Serano, 2013).

Developing sex-positive, kink-aware, and non-monogamy-friendly approaches is essential for affirming diverse sexual and relational identities in therapy. A sex-positive approach recognizes that all consensual sexual and relational expressions are valid and that there is no “right” way to experience desire or intimacy. Being kink-aware involves understanding the dynamics of power, consent, and pleasure in kink relationships and recognizing that such practices can be a healthy and fulfilling aspect of clients’ lives. Similarly, a non-monogamy-friendly approach acknowledges the legitimacy of polyamorous and open relationships, which can provide meaningful connection and community for many trans individuals. Therapists should educate themselves on these topics and approach them without judgment, ensuring that all discussions around sexuality and relationships are led by the client’s needs, values, and experiences (Serano, 2013).

Reflecting on Therapist Accountability and Continued Education

For therapists working within anti-oppressive, trans-inclusive frameworks, ongoing self-reflection, education, and accountability are non-negotiable. A critical aspect of this work involves recognizing and interrogating one’s own biases, privileges, and areas for growth. Therapists, like all individuals, are shaped by their social contexts and may carry internalized prejudices or blind spots that can impact their practice. Engaging in self-reflection allows therapists to identify and address these biases, creating a more inclusive and affirming environment for trans and nonbinary clients. This requires a commitment to humility, vulnerability, and a willingness to unlearn and relearn as new information and perspectives emerge (Brown, 1994).

Building communities of practice and peer support is essential for fostering a collective commitment to anti-oppressive, trans-inclusive work. These communities provide spaces where therapists can share knowledge, reflect on challenging cases, and support one another in maintaining accountability. Engaging in peer supervision, attending workshops and trainings focused on trans-affirming care, and participating in discussions on feminist, queer, and anti-racist practices are valuable ways to stay engaged and informed. By working collaboratively, therapists can hold each other accountable and ensure that their practices remain aligned with their values and commitments to justice and equity (Brown, 1994).

Moreover, therapists are encouraged to engage with literature, activism, and community voices that challenge their perspectives and foster continuous learning. Reading works by trans authors, participating in community events, and listening to the experiences of trans and nonbinary people are all ways to deepen understanding and empathy. Therapists should be proactive in seeking out these opportunities, understanding that their education is never complete. Engaging with critical and diverse perspectives not only enriches therapeutic practice but also helps build solidarity with the communities we aim to serve. This ongoing engagement is a fundamental aspect of ethical practice and accountability in the ever-evolving field of therapy (hooks, 2000; Serano, 2013).

Incorporating Embodied Practices and Trauma-Informed Approaches

Embodied practices in therapy are critical for recognizing the lived experiences of trans and nonbinary clients, particularly in how trauma, oppression, and resilience are held and processed in the body. Many trans and nonbinary individuals have experienced significant trauma, including societal transphobia, violence, medical gatekeeping, and rejection from family or communities. These experiences often result in a range of physical and emotional responses that can be chronic and pervasive. Integrating embodied practices, such as mindfulness, somatic experiencing, and Sensorimotor Psychotherapy, can help clients reconnect with their bodies in ways that are affirming and healing. These approaches emphasize the importance of noticing and working through bodily sensations and movements to release stored trauma and build a sense of safety and presence (Ogden, Minton, & Pain, 2006).

Trauma-informed care is essential for understanding the compounded impact of both historical and ongoing trauma that many trans and nonbinary clients face. Trauma-informed therapy recognizes that trauma can affect all aspects of an individual’s life and emphasizes safety, trustworthiness, choice, collaboration, and empowerment in therapeutic practice (Herman, 1997). For trans clients, who often face retraumatization in both healthcare and social settings, a trauma-informed approach is crucial. This includes being aware of potential triggers related to body dysphoria, misgendering, or experiences of exclusion and ensuring that therapy is conducted in a way that respects the client’s autonomy and agency. By creating a safe, supportive environment, therapists can help clients navigate their trauma and build resilience.

Integrating Sensorimotor Psychotherapy and other somatic practices within a feminist and trans-affirming framework allows therapists to address both the psychological and physiological dimensions of trauma. Sensorimotor Psychotherapy, for example, combines cognitive and somatic techniques to help clients process trauma that is held in the body, facilitating healing at a deeper level (Ogden et al., 2006). This approach aligns with feminist principles by emphasizing the client’s agency and embodied wisdom, moving away from a pathologizing model and towards a more holistic understanding of healing. By incorporating these practices, therapists can better support trans and nonbinary clients in reclaiming their bodies, navigating trauma, and building a greater sense of self-compassion and empowerment.

Reconfiguring Therapeutic Spaces for Trans Inclusion

Creating inclusive and safe therapeutic environments for trans clients requires intentional efforts to address both structural and interpersonal dynamics within therapy settings. Practical recommendations for creating more inclusive spaces include ensuring that all forms, documents, and intake processes use non-gendered language and offer options for clients to self-identify their gender, pronouns, and chosen name. Additionally, therapy offices and waiting areas should visibly signal inclusion through affirming signage, such as displaying trans pride flags or inclusive statements, and offering reading materials that reflect a diversity of gender identities and experiences. These steps help create an environment where trans clients feel seen, respected, and valued from the moment they enter the space.

Addressing the unique needs of trans clients involves being particularly mindful of privacy, confidentiality, and respect for gender identity and expression. For instance, therapists should ask for and use the client’s chosen name and pronouns consistently and ensure that this information is accurately reflected in all written and electronic records. Understanding the importance of confidentiality is critical, especially for clients who may not be out in all areas of their lives. Therapists must be vigilant in protecting this information and creating a space where clients feel secure discussing sensitive aspects of their identity and experiences without fear of being outed or misunderstood (Namaste, 2000).

Non-gendered language and sensitivity to diverse experiences of gender dysphoria and euphoria are also crucial components of an inclusive therapeutic space. Therapists should avoid making assumptions about a client’s body, experiences, or needs based on their gender identity and instead use language that is neutral and affirming. This can help reduce the potential for triggering dysphoria and promote a sense of safety and validation. Recognizing and celebrating moments of gender euphoria—where a client feels particularly affirmed and seen in their gender—is equally important, as it contributes to positive mental health outcomes and reinforces a client’s sense of authenticity and empowerment (Serano, 2013).

Advocacy and Allyship in Therapeutic Contexts

Therapists have a vital role as advocates for trans rights, both within and beyond the therapy room. Advocacy in therapeutic contexts involves not only creating a supportive and affirming space for trans clients but also actively challenging policies and practices that are exclusionary or discriminatory. This can include advocating for more inclusive healthcare policies, supporting clients in navigating systems that may not affirm their identities, and participating in professional organizations that work to advance trans rights and healthcare equity. Being an advocate also means being willing to speak out against transphobia in professional settings and using one’s privilege and platform to amplify trans voices and experiences (Johnson, 2020).

Building alliances with other marginalized groups is crucial in promoting collective liberation. Trans liberation is inherently linked to the liberation of all oppressed communities, including disabled, racialized, and economically marginalized groups. Effective allyship involves recognizing these intersections and working collaboratively across movements to dismantle systemic oppression. Therapists can foster these alliances by participating in community organizing, supporting intersectional advocacy efforts, and incorporating a social justice framework into their therapeutic practices. By doing so, therapists contribute to a broader movement towards collective liberation that honours the interconnected struggles of all marginalized people (Mingus, 2011).

A commitment to continuous learning and unlearning of oppressive dynamics is fundamental to being an effective ally and advocate. Therapists must actively seek out opportunities for growth, whether through attending trainings, engaging with community-led education, or participating in reflective practices that challenge their own assumptions and biases. This process of learning and unlearning is ongoing and requires humility, openness, and a genuine commitment to justice. It is through this continuous work that therapists can ensure their practices remain aligned with the principles of equity, inclusion, and empowerment for all clients (hooks, 2000).

Embracing Spiritual Identity and Self-Connection in Therapy

Spirituality can be an important and affirming aspect of therapeutic practice for many trans clients, offering a sense of connection, purpose, and resilience. Talia C. Johnson’s work on integrating spirituality into therapy provides a framework that embraces and celebrates trans identities. This approach challenges the exclusionary and cisnormative perspectives often found in religious contexts and instead presents a vision of spirituality that is inclusive, affirming, and healing. By incorporating these perspectives, therapists can help clients navigate spiritual beliefs that may have been used against them and find ways to reconnect with spirituality in a manner that validates their gender and personhood (Johnson, 2020).

Reframing spiritual beliefs to affirm and celebrate trans identities can be a valuable therapeutic process. Many trans clients may have experienced spiritual or religious trauma or felt rejected by faith communities due to their gender identity. Therapists can support clients in reclaiming or reimagining their spiritual practices, providing tools to deconstruct harmful narratives and explore new, affirming spiritual paths. This could involve exploring alternative spiritual practices, engaging in rituals that honour trans experiences, or connecting with communities that provide support and validation (Johnson, 2020).

Exploring the intersection of spiritual resilience and self-love in the healing process allows trans clients to cultivate a deep sense of self-worth and belonging. For many, spirituality can serve as a source of strength, grounding, and connection, helping them navigate a world that often devalues their existence. Therapists can support clients in developing personal spiritual practices that nurture self-love and provide a foundation for holistic healing that integrates mind, body, and spirit. By recognizing spirituality as a component of therapeutic practice, therapists can offer a more comprehensive approach that supports the whole person in their journey of healing and self-affirmation (Johnson, 2020).

Moving Forward: A Call to Action

Engaging with trans-inclusive feminist principles is not just a theoretical exercise but a call to action for both therapists and clients. The work of creating truly inclusive and affirming therapeutic spaces is ongoing and requires active participation, reflection, and commitment. Therapists are encouraged to take these principles into their practice, continually assessing how their work aligns with the values of trans inclusion, justice, and liberation. This involves both individual action—such as deepening one’s understanding of trans issues—and collective action, such as advocating for systemic changes within professional and community contexts.

Ongoing dialogue and development of best practices in therapy are essential to ensure that therapeutic spaces remain responsive and relevant to the evolving needs of trans and nonbinary clients. This includes engaging in conversations with colleagues, participating in professional development, and seeking feedback from clients about their experiences in therapy. Best practices are not static; they evolve with new insights, research, and lived experiences. Therapists must remain adaptable and open to change, committed to learning from the communities they serve.

The transformative power of solidarity, empathy, and activism in creating a truly inclusive and just society cannot be underestimated. When therapists align their work with these values, they contribute to a broader movement for social change that goes beyond the therapy room. Solidarity means standing with trans communities in their struggles, empathy means deeply understanding and validating their experiences, and activism means taking tangible steps to dismantle the systems of oppression that impact them. Together, these actions can help build a world where all people, regardless of their gender, are free to live authentically and with dignity.

Conclusion

In conclusion, we reaffirm our commitment to an anti-oppressive, trans-affirming therapeutic practice. As trans and queer therapists, we recognize the importance of creating spaces where our clients feel safe, seen, and empowered. The complexities and challenges of this work are numerous, but they are necessary to build a more equitable and inclusive mental health landscape. By embracing trans-inclusive feminist principles, advocating for systemic change, and continually engaging in self-reflection and education, we can foster therapeutic environments that honour the full diversity of human experience. It is through this collective effort that we can truly support the mental health and well-being of trans and nonbinary communities and contribute to a world that celebrates all genders and identities.

References

hooks, b. (2000). All About Love: New Visions. William Morrow Paperbacks.

Johnson, T. C. (2020). Holy Love: Integrating Spirituality and Gender-Affirming Therapy. Black Feminist Press.

Mingus, M. (2011). Leaving Evidence Blog. Retrieved from https://leavingevidence.wordpress.com

Namaste, V. K. (2000). Invisible Lives: The Erasure of Transsexual and Transgendered People. University of Chicago Press.

Serano, J. (2007). Whipping Girl: A Transsexual Woman on Sexism and the Scapegoating of Femininity. Seal Press.

Serano, J. (2013). Excluded: Making Feminist and Queer Movements More Inclusive. Seal Press.